gonorrhea treatment

 

As with most sexually transmitted diseases, the risk of infection can be reduced significantly by the correct use of condoms and can be removed almost entirely by limiting sexual activities to a mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected person.
 

As of 2010, injectable ceftriaxone appears to be one of the few effective antibiotics. This is typically given in combination with either azithromycin or doxycycline.
Because of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance local susceptibility patterns must be taken into account when deciding on treatment. Many antibiotics that were once effective including penicillin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones are no longer recommended because of high rates of resistance. Resistance to cefixime have reached a level such that it is no longer recommended as a first-line agent in the United States, and if it is used a person should be tested again after a week to determine whether the infection still persists. Cases of resistance to ceftriaxone have been reported but are still rare, though public health officials are concerned that an emerging pattern of resistance may predict a global epidemic.
The UK's Health Protection Agency reported that 2011 saw a slight drop in gonorrhoea antibiotic resistance, the first in 5 years.
 



It is recommended that sexual partners be tested and potentially treated. One option for treating sexual partners of people infected is patient-delivered partner therapy (PDPT), which involves providing prescriptions or medications to the person to take to his/her partner without the healthcare provider's first examining him/her.
The American Centers for Disease Control currently recommend that individuals who have been diagnosed and treated for gonorrhea avoid sexual contact with others until at least one week past the final day of treatment in order to prevent the spread of the bacterium. Also, previous infection does not confer any immunity, and a person who has been infected can easily become infected again by exposure to someone who is a carrier for the bacterium, whether or not that person has any infectious signs or symptoms of their own.
Like the bacteria that cause syphilis, these fragile, "fastidious" bacteria cannot sustain themselves outside the body and will rapidly die within minutes to hours. Soap and water can effectively remove the bacteria from the hands, and washing bedding and clothing is seldom necessary. The chlorine of most swimming pools destroys it immediately.

To cure a gonorrhea infection, your doctor will give you either an oral or injectable antibiotic. Your partner should also be treated at the same time to prevent reinfection and further spread of the disease.

It is important to take all of your antibiotics even if you feel better. Also, never take someone else's medication to treat your illness. By doing so, you may make the infection more difficult to treat. In addition,

• Tell anyone you have had sex with recently that you are infected. This is important because gonorrhea may have no symptoms. Women, especially, may not have symptoms and may not seek testing or treatment unless alerted by their sex partners.
• Don't have sex until you have completed taking all of your medicine.
• Always use condoms when having sex.

 I Don't Treat Gonorrhea?

Untreated gonorrhea can cause serious and permanent problems in both women and men.

In women, if left untreated, the infection can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which may damage the fallopian tubes (the tubes connecting the ovaries to the uterus) or even lead to infertility. And untreated gonorrhea infection could increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy, a condition in which the fertilized egg develops outside the uterus. This is a dangerous condition for both mother and baby.

In men, gonorrhea can cause epididymitis, a painful condition of the testicles that can sometimes lead to infertility if left untreated. Without prompt treatment, gonorrhea can also affect the prostate and can lead to scarring inside the urethra, making urination difficult.

 

Gonorrhea can spread to the blood or joints. This condition can be life-threatening. Also, people with gonorrhea can more easily contract HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. People with HIV infection and gonorrhea are more likely than people with HIV infection alone to transmit HIV to someone else.

 Gonorrhea Affect Pregnancy and Childbirth?

Gonorrhea in a pregnant woman can cause premature delivery or spontaneous abortion. The infected mother may give the infection to her infant as the baby passes through the birth canal during delivery. This can cause blindness, joint infection, or a life-threatening blood infection in the baby. Treatment of gonorrhea as soon as it is detected in pregnant women will lessen the risk of these complications. Pregnant women should consult a doctor for appropriate medications.

 

 Can I Prevent Gonorrhea Infection?

To reduce your risk of gonorrhea infection:

• Use condoms correctly every time you have sex.
• Limit the number of sex partners, and do not go back and forth between partners.
• Practice sexual abstinence, or limit sexual contact to one uninfected partner.
• If you think you are infected, avoid sexual contact and see a doctor.

Any genital symptoms such as discharge or burning during urination or an unusual sore or rash should be a signal to stop having sex and to consult a doctor immediately. If you are told you have gonorrhea or any other STD and receive treatment, you should notify all of your recent sex partners so that they can see a doctor and be treated.

 

Modern antibiotics make it possible to cure gonorrhea infection in most instances. The emergence of drug-resistant strains of gonorrhea is a growing challenge. Most states provide free diagnosis and treatment at state-sponsored health clinics. Healthcare professionals will usually give an injection of strong antibiotic upon diagnosis. Some follow-up may also be necessary.
Healthcare professionals are required by law to report the infection. Public health officials will identify, contact, test, and treat any partners of the affected person who may have been infected to help prevent the spread of the infection. Other people these individuals may have had sexual contact with will also be notified.
Some strains of gonorrhea have developed resistance to common antibiotics. These cases may require more extensive treatment (usually with more expensive antibiotics) or combinations of antibiotics. Scientists are working to develop vaccines to prevent gonorrhea infection.

Sources & References

1. "Expedited partner therapy in the management of sexually transmitted diseases". February 2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
2. CDC (14 July 2014). "Gonorrhea - CDC Fact Sheet". Retrieved 17 October 2014.
3. George William Hunter; J. Clyde Swartzwelder; David F. Clyde; Thomas Turlay Mackie (1976). Tropical medicine. Saunders. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-7216-4847-7.
4. "Prophylaxis for Gonococcal and Chlamydial Ophthalmia Neonatorum in the Canadian Guide to Clinical Preventative Health Care". Public Health Agency of Canada.
5. Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 705–706 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1
6. Datta, SD; Sternberg, M; Johnson, RE; Berman, S; Papp, JR; McQuillan, G; Weinstock, H (Jul 17, 2007). "Gonorrhea and chlamydia in the United States among persons 14 to 39 years of age, 1999 to 2002.". Annals of internal medicine 147 (2): 89–96. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-2-200707170-00007. PMID 17638719.
7. (pdf) Emergence of multi-drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Report). World Health Organisation. 2011. pp. 2. Archived from the original on 2014-09-12.
8. Lozano, R (Dec 15, 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.". Lancet 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604.
9. "Gonorrhea – CDC Fact Sheet". CDC. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
10. "CDC – STD Surveillance – Gonorrhea". Archived from the original on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
11. "CDC Fact Sheet – Chlamydia". Retrieved 2008-08-21.
12. "STD Trends in the United States: 2010 National Data for Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 22 November 2010.

 

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gonorrhea test

gonorrhea diagnosis & test

diagnose gonorrhea, your doctor will use a swab to take a sample of fluid from the urethra in men or from the cervix in women. The specimen will then be sent to a lab to be analyzed. You also may be given a throat or anal culture to see if the infection is in your throat or anus. There are other tests which check a urine sample for the presence of the bacteria. You may need to wait for several days for your tests to come back from the lab.Gonorrhea and chlamydia, another common sexually transmitted disease, often occur together, so you may be tested and  treated for both

Healthcare professionals can diagnose gonorrhea infection in several ways. They will probably take a sample of penis or vaginal discharge. This sample will be smeared on a glass slide. A type of stain is added, then the slide is examined under a microscope. If cells react to the stain, the specimen is probably gonorrhea. This method is relatively quick and easy. However, it does not provide absolutely certainty.
A second method involves taking a sample, smearing it on a special dish, and incubating it under ideal growth conditions for several days. If gonorrhea is present, a colony of gonorrhea bacteria will grow.
A preliminary result may be ready within 24 hours. A final result will take up to three days. The sample may be taken from the throat, anus, vagina, tip of the penis, blood, or joint fluid. Blood or joint fluid are removed by inserting a needle and removing a small amount of fluid. Specimens from other sites are taken by using a cotton-tipped swab.

Traditionally, gonorrhea was diagnosed with gram stain and culture; however, newer polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing methods are becoming more common. In those failing initial treatment, culture should be done to determine sensitivity to antibiotics. All people testing positive for gonorrhea should be tested for other sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydia, syphilis, and human immunodeficiency virus.

 United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for gonorrhea in women at increased risk of infection, which includes all sexually active women younger than 25 years. It is not recommended in males without symptoms or low risk women.
Screening for gonorrhea in women who are (or intend to become) pregnant, and who are found to be at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases, is recommended as part of prenatal care in the United States.

References

1. Datta, SD; Sternberg, M; Johnson, RE; Berman, S; Papp, JR; McQuillan, G; Weinstock, H (Jul 17, 2007). "Gonorrhea and chlamydia in the United States among persons 14 to 39 years of age, 1999 to 2002.". Annals of internal medicine 147 (2): 89–96. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-2-200707170-00007. PMID 17638719.
2. (pdf) Emergence of multi-drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Report). World Health Organisation. 2011. pp. 2. Archived from the original on 2014-09-12.
3. Lozano, R (Dec 15, 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.". Lancet 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604.
4. "Gonorrhea – CDC Fact Sheet". CDC. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
5. "CDC – STD Surveillance – Gonorrhea". Archived from the original on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
6. "CDC Fact Sheet – Chlamydia". Retrieved 2008-08-21.
7. "STD Trends in the United States: 2010 National Data for Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 22 November 2010.
8. Max Bender (1898). "Ueber neuere Antigonorrhoica (insbes. Argonin und Protargol)". Archives of Dermatological Research 43 (1): 31–36. doi:10.1007/BF01986890.
9. MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Neonatal Conjunctivitis
10. W Sanger. History of Prostitution. NY,Harper, 1910 .
11. P. LaCroix. The History of Prostitution—Vol. 2. NY,MacMillan, 1931.
12. WE Leiky. History of European Morals. NY, MacMillan, 1926.
13. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130918101956.htm
14. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130918101956.htm

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gonorrhea infection | causes | transmission

gonorrhea infection causes

is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The infection is transmitted from one person to another through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. Men have a 20% risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with an infected woman. The risk for men that have sex with men is higher. Women have a 60–80% risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with an infected man. A mother may transmit gonorrhea to her newborn during childbirth; when affecting the infant's eyes, it is referred to as ophthalmia neonatorum. It cannot be spread by toilets or bathrooms.




it infects warm, moist areas of the body, including:

• the urethra (the tube that drains urine from the urinary bladder)
• the eyes
• throat
• vagina
• anus
• reproductive tract (the fallopian
•  tubes, cervix, and uterus in women)   

   References

• 1. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services (2001-07-20). "Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention". Hyatt Dulles Airport, Herndon, Virginia. pp14
  2. "webmd – What Can You Catch in Restrooms? -".
  3. Barry PM, Klausner JD (March 2009). "The use of cephalosporins for gonorrhea: The impending problem of resistance". Expert Opin Pharmacother 10 (4): 555–77. doi:10.1517/14656560902731993. PMC 2657229. PMID 19284360.
  4. Deguchi T, Nakane K, Yasuda M, Maeda S (September 2010). "Emergence and spread of drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae". J. Urol. 184 (3): 851–8; quiz 1235. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.04.078. PMID 20643433.
  5. Meyers D, Wolff T, Gregory K et al. (March 2008). "USPSTF recommendations for STI screening". Am Fam Physician 77 (6): 819–24. PMID 18386598.
  6. Health Care Guideline: Routine Prenatal Care. Fourteenth Edition. By the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement July 2010.
  7. section: Prevention
  8. section: How can gonorrhea be prevented?
                                                                                        

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gonorrhea symptoms

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Symptoms in women

1-Greenish yellow or whitish discharge from the vagina

2-Lower abdominal or pelvic pain

3-Burning when urinating

4-Conjunctivitis (red, itchy eyes)

5-Swelling of the vulva (vulvitis)

6-Spotting after intercourse

7-Burning in the throat (due to oral sex)

8-Swollen glands in the throat (due to oral sex)

            9-Bleeding between periods

incubation period is 2 to 14 days, with most symptoms appearing between 4 and 6 days after infection. Rarely, gonorrhea may cause skin lesions and joint infection (pain and swelling in the joints) after traveling through the blood stream (see below). Very rarely it may settle in the heart causing endocarditis or in the spinal column causing meningitis (both are more likely among individuals with suppressed immune systems, however).

In some women, symptoms are so mild that they go unnoticed.

Many women with gonorrhea discharge think they have a yeast infection and self-treat with over-the-counter yeast infection drug. Because vaginal discharge can be a sign of a number of different problems, it is best to always seek the advice of a doctor to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

 Half of women with gonorrhea are asymptomatic, whereas others have vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain or pain with intercourse. Most infected men have symptoms such as urethritis associated with burning with urination and discharge from the penis. In men, discharge with or without burning occurs in half of all cases and is the most common symptom of the infection. Either sex may also acquire gonorrhea of the throat from performing oral sex on an infected partner, usually a male partner. Such infection is asymptomatic in 90% of cases, and produces a sore throat in the remaining 10%. In advanced cases, gonorrhea may cause a general feeling of tiredness similar to that with any form of infection. It is also possible for an individual to have an allergic reaction to the bacteria, in which case any appearing symptoms will be greatly intensified

Symptoms in men

1-Burning when urinating

2-Burning in the throat (due to oral sex)

3-Greenish yellow or whitish discharge from the penis

4-Swollen glands in the throat (due to oral sex)

5-Painful or swollen testicles

In men, symptoms usually appear two to 14 days after infection.

References

1. Groopman, Jerome (2012-10-01). "Sex and the Superbug". The New Yorker. LXXXVIII (30): 26–31. Retrieved 2012-10-13. "...public-health experts [see]...the emergence of a strain of gonorrhea that is resistant to the last drug available against it, and the harbinger of a sexually transmitted global epidemic."
2. "Antibiotic-Resistant Gonorrhea". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May 8, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
3. Moran JS (2007). "Gonorrhoea". Clin Evid (Online) 2007. PMC 2943790. PMID 19454057.
4. Brian R. Shmaefsky (1 January 2009). Gonorrhea. Infobase. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4381-0142-2.
5. Marr, Lisa (2007) [1998]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Physician Tells You What You Need to Know (Second ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University. ISBN 978-0-8018-8658-4.
6. Howard Brown Health Center: STI Annual Report, 2009
7. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services (2001-07-20). "Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention". Hyatt Dulles Airport, Herndon, Virginia. pp14
8. "webmd – What Can You Catch in Restrooms? -".

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